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How does an acute subdural hematoma occur?

Definition

A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a clot of blood that develops between the surface of the brain and the dura mater, the brain’s outer covering, usually caused by stretching and tearing of the veins on the surface. A head injury can rupture these veins if the brain is shaken or jolted suddenly.

SDHs caused by trauma are among the most lethal of all head injuries. Often accompanied by more severe generalized brain injury, they may also result in cerebral contusions.

How does an acute subdural hematoma occur? : Explained by brain tumor surgeon Dr.Kalyan Bommakanti, M.Ch

A SDH occurs in 10 percent to 20 percent of all traumatic brain injury cases and up to 30 percent of fatalities.

Diagnosis

The best way to diagnose SDHs is with a computed tomography scan, which shows the presence of dense crescent-shaped masses.

At the time of admission to the hospital, patients with acute SDHs have low scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).

How does an acute subdural hematoma occur? : Explained by brain tumor surgeon Dr.Kalyan Bommakanti, M.Ch

Treatment

The extent of the bleeding is generally determined by the thickness of the blood clot. SDHs around 1 cm in diameter generally require immediate surgery, while smaller SDHs may not. A large craniotomy, surgery through an opening created in the skull, may be used to remove the thick blood clot and to reach bleeding sites.

Treatment that is delivered rapidly, younger adults, patients with a GCS score of 6 or 7, patients with reactive pupils, and patients with no multiple cerebral contusions or unmanageable pressure on the brain are most likely to have favorable outcomes.

SDHs are often performed in conjunction with the removal of underlying cerebral contusions.

Outcome

Brain injuries can result in a wide range of recovery.

An acute SDH usually results in a mortality rate between 50 percent and 90 percent. The reason for this is the underlying brain injury and pressure that builds up on the brain during the days following the injury.

There is an approximate 20 percent to 30 percent recovery rate of brain function in these patients. Postoperative seizures are very common in these patients.

Dr.Kalyan Bommakantiis one of the best neurosurgeons in hyderabad and is also one of the best
spine surgeons in hyderabad. He received training in endoscopic spine surgeries, also known
as key hole spine surgery or minimally invasive spine surgery. He has experience in treating a
number of complicated brain surgeries, complicated spine surgeries like complex brain tumors,
complex spine tumors, complicated spine fractures, complicated head injuries. He has an
extensive experience in teaching junior doctors.


He consults and operates at: (For appointment WhatsApp on 8520003683)
Global Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital,Lakdikapul, Hyderabad.
Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital, L.B. Nagar, Bairamulguda, Hyderabad.
Kalyan’s Neuro and Spine clinic, Kharkhana, Secunderabad.
Shenoy hospital, East Marredpally, Hyderabad.
Prasad Hospitals, Nacharam, Hyderabad.


Brain tumor clinics


For appointment see details below (+91-8520003683). Brain tumors are serious disorders and
should be treated as soon as possible. Many patients have a lot of doubts and queries
regarding brain tumors, symptoms of brain tumors, diagnosis of brain tumor, surgery for brain
tumor, treatment options for brain tumors. Patients also like to know regarding latest and
advanced treatment options for brain tumor surgery like intraoperative neuromonitoring, awake
craniotomy, ultrasonic aspirator, microsurgery, endoscopic surgery for brain tumors. Dr. Kalyan
Bommakantiis a famous neurosurgeon from hyderabad and will try to answer these queries at
leisure as a part of brain tumor clinics on you tube live

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The medical condition of hydrocephalus and its treatment

The medical condition known as hydrocephalus occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pools within the brain, causing brain damage due to increase in intracranial pressure. Elderly people and infants are commonly affected by this condition.Insufficient absorption of CSF or excessive secretion of CSF or obstruction to CSF flow causes the CSF stream to become blocked, causing an accumulation of fluid that strains the skull.

The medical condition of hydrocephalus and its treatment : Explained by brain tumor surgeon Dr.Kalyan Bommakanti, M.Ch

There are two major types of hydrocephalus: communicable and non-communicable. Hydrocephalus may develop before birth or develop after birth.When the CSF is blocked after leaving the ventricles of the brain in subarachnoid spaces we have communicable hydrocephalus. If the CSF is blocked between the ventricles, we have non-communicable hydrocephalus.

What is the leading cause of hydrocephalus? 

Approximately one in 1000 infants suffer from hydrocephalus. Researchers do not yet know the exact reason for such abnormal births, but they believe they may be caused by genetic disorders or fetal development disorders, such as spina bifida.Hydrocephalus is a birth defect with complications that can develop in adulthood. Infection, head injuries, bleeding in the brain, or brain tumours are the main causes of acquired hydrocephalus.

There is even a condition that causes hydrocephalus in older people called Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH). This condition results in dementia, which is why it is often confused with Alzheimer’s.

Hydrocephalus has significant symptoms, what are they?

The symptoms of hydrocephalus vary with each type and cause of occurrence. However, commonly seen symptoms in adults are:

  • Difficulties in walking
  • Loss of memory
  • Blurred eyesight
  • Chronic headache
  • Nausea, vomiting, and dizziness
  • Defective bladder
  • During old age, NPH may impair the functioning of the nervous system that controls limbs and bladder. It even affects the cognitive processes, leading to dementia, urinary incontinence, and difficulty walking.
The medical condition of hydrocephalus and its treatment : Explained by brain tumor surgeon Dr.Kalyan Bommakanti, M.Ch

What are the treatment options for hydrocephalus?

A doctor will prescribe a treatment method based on the results of a thorough clinical examination. An early diagnosis can aid in effective treatment, and a full recovery can be obtained without any further complications in the future. The treatment methods include:

  1. Medical management with drugs to decrease production of CSF.
  2. Medical management with medications which decrease intra cranial pressure.
  3. If the cause of obstruction can be removed with various medical means or radiotherapy, they are also tried.
  4. In all the other cases or if the hydrocephalus and resultant intra cranial pressure is very high we need surgery. There are two main forms of surgery: VP shunt (Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt) and Endoscopic third ventriculostomy.
  5. Ventriculo-Peritoneal shunt includes placement of a tube connecting the brain and abdominal cavity to bypass the obstruction and drain excessive fluid.
  6. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy includes creation of an artificial passage called ” ventriculostomy ” to bypass the obstruction and drain excessive fluid.

Dr.Kalyan Bommakantiis one of the best neurosurgeons in hyderabad and is also one of the best
spine surgeons in hyderabad. He received training in endoscopic spine surgeries, also known
as key hole spine surgery or minimally invasive spine surgery. He has experience in treating a
number of complicated brain surgeries, complicated spine surgeries like complex brain tumors,
complex spine tumors, complicated spine fractures, complicated head injuries. He has an
extensive experience in teaching junior doctors.


He consults and operates at: (For appointment WhatsApp on 8520003683)
Global Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital,Lakdikapul, Hyderabad.
Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital, L.B. Nagar, Bairamulguda, Hyderabad.
Kalyan’s Neuro and Spine clinic, Kharkhana, Secunderabad.
Shenoy hospital, East Marredpally, Hyderabad.
Prasad Hospitals, Nacharam, Hyderabad.


Brain tumor clinics


For appointment see details below (+91-8520003683). Brain tumors are serious disorders and
should be treated as soon as possible. Many patients have a lot of doubts and queries
regarding brain tumors, symptoms of brain tumors, diagnosis of brain tumor, surgery for brain
tumor, treatment options for brain tumors. Patients also like to know regarding latest and
advanced treatment options for brain tumor surgery like intraoperative neuromonitoring, awake
craniotomy, ultrasonic aspirator, microsurgery, endoscopic surgery for brain tumors. Dr. Kalyan
Bommakantiis a famous neurosurgeon from hyderabad and will try to answer these queries at
leisure as a part of brain tumor clinics on you tube live

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Brain tumors: What Are the Actual Warning Signs?

The odds of developing a cancerous brain tumor in your lifetime are less than 1%. Symptoms such as headaches,confusion, seizures are some of the common complains of brain seizures but are not specific as they can be caused by many other trivial conditions also..

The symptoms may, however, be indicative of a more serious problem.

As diverse as the brain’s endless responsibilities, warning signs of brain tumors are also varied. “There is no specific sign for a brain tumor,” says neurosurgeon Kalyan Bommakanti, M.Ch. According to the location of a brain tumor, it can present with a wide variety of symptoms.

Orange Flag signs for brain tumors: These symptoms are signs require a close medical monitoring.
Red Flag signs: These signs when present need urgent consultation by a doctor, preferably neurophysician or neurosurgeon. Kindly click on the link to see a explanatory video by Dr.Kalyan Bommakanti, M.Ch explaining the symptoms of brain tumor.

Signs of brain metastases

It might surprise you to know that the most common brain tumors do not actually start in your brain. Metastatic brain tumors, or brain metastases, spread to your brain from other parts of your body, most commonly from your lungs, breasts, skin, kidneys or colon.

The symptoms of these cancers should be evaluated in any person with a known history of them.

Where to go if you need brain tumor treatment

A brain tumor center of excellence is the best place to get treatment if you’ve been diagnosed with a brain tumor.

“These centers specialize in treating brain tumors multidisciplinary,” he says. “You have neurosurgeons who treat brain tumor patients every day. The neurosurgery team is assisted by a team of radiologists, anaesthesiologists, neurologists, orthopaedicians, physiotherapists, endocrinologists and most importantly intensivists. Patients with brain tumors are also seen by radiation oncologists and neuro-oncologists or medical oncologists.

Kindly read disclaimer in the website.

Best Neurosurgeon in Telangana: Dr.Kalyan Bommakanti.

Dr.Kalyan Bommakantiis one of the best neurosurgeons in hyderabad and is also one of the best
spine surgeons in hyderabad. He received training in endoscopic spine surgeries, also known
as key hole spine surgery or minimally invasive spine surgery. He has experience in treating a
number of complicated brain surgeries, complicated spine surgeries like complex brain tumors,
complex spine tumors, complicated spine fractures, complicated head injuries. He has an
extensive experience in teaching junior doctors.


He consults and operates at: (For appointment WhatsApp on 8520003683)
Global Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital,Lakdikapul, Hyderabad.
Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital, L.B. Nagar, Bairamulguda, Hyderabad.
Kalyan’s Neuro and Spine clinic, Kharkhana, Secunderabad.
Shenoy hospital, East Marredpally, Hyderabad.
Prasad Hospitals, Nacharam, Hyderabad.


Brain tumor clinics


For appointment see details below (+91-8520003683). Brain tumors are serious disorders and
should be treated as soon as possible. Many patients have a lot of doubts and queries
regarding brain tumors, symptoms of brain tumors, diagnosis of brain tumor, surgery for brain
tumor, treatment options for brain tumors. Patients also like to know regarding latest and
advanced treatment options for brain tumor surgery like intraoperative neuromonitoring, awake
craniotomy, ultrasonic aspirator, microsurgery, endoscopic surgery for brain tumors. Dr. Kalyan
Bommakantiis a famous neurosurgeon from hyderabad and will try to answer these queries at
leisure as a part of brain tumor clinics on you tube live

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How do brain tumors develop?

Common Facts about Brain Tumor You Must Not Miss

A brain tumor is a collection of abnormal cells in your brain. Your skull, which encloses your brain, is rigid, so any growth within this restricted space can cause problems. Brain tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign).The pressure inside the skull can increase when benign or malignant tumors grow. This can lead to brain damage, which may be fatal.

There are two types of brain tumors: primary and secondary. A primary brain tumor develops in your brain. Most primary brain tumors are benign.Metastatic brain tumors are caused by cancer cells spread from another organ to the brain, such as the lungs or breast.

There are various types of brain tumors

Primary brain tumors

Primary brain tumors originate in your brain. They can develop from your:

  • brain cells
  • the membranes that surround your brain, which are called meninges
  • nerve cells
  • glands

Primary tumors can be benign or cancerous. In adults, the most common types of brain tumors are gliomas and meningiomas.

Gliomas

Gliomas are tumors that develop from glial cells. These cells normally:

  • support the structure of your central nervous system
  • provide nutrition to your central nervous system
  • clean cellular waste
  • break down dead neurons

Gliomas can develop from different types of glial cells.

The types of tumors that begin in glial cells are:

  • astrocytic tumors such as astrocytomas, which originate in the cerebrum
  • oligodendroglial tumors, which are often found in the frontal temporal lobes
  • glioblastomas, which originate in the supportive brain tissue and are the most aggressive type

Other primary brain tumors

Other primary brain tumors include:

  • pituitary tumors, which are usually benign
  • pineal gland tumors, which can be benign or malignant
  • ependymomas, which are usually benign
  • craniopharyngiomas, which occur mostly in children and are benign but can have clinical symptoms like changes in vision and premature puberty
  • primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas, which are malignant
  • primary germ cell tumors of the brain, which can be benign or malignant
  • meningiomas, which originate in the meninges
  • schwannomas, which originate in cells that produce the protective cover of your nerves (myelin sheath) called Schwann cells

Most meningiomas and schwannomas occur in people between the ages of 40 and 70. Meningiomas are more common in women than men. Schwannomas occur equally in both men and women. These tumors are usually benign, but they can cause complications because of their size and location. Cancerous meningiomas and schwannomas are rare but can be very aggressive.

Secondary brain tumors

Secondary brain tumors make up the majority of brain cancers. They start in one part of the body and spread, or metastasize, to the brain. The following can metastasize to the brain:

  • lung cancer
  • breast cancer
  • kidney cancer
  • skin cancer

Secondary brain tumors are always malignant. Benign tumors don’t spread from one part of your body to another.

Dr.Kalyan Bommakantiis one of the best neurosurgeons in hyderabad and is also one of the best
spine surgeons in hyderabad. He received training in endoscopic spine surgeries, also known
as key hole spine surgery or minimally invasive spine surgery. He has experience in treating a
number of complicated brain surgeries, complicated spine surgeries like complex brain tumors,
complex spine tumors, complicated spine fractures, complicated head injuries. He has an
extensive experience in teaching junior doctors.


He consults and operates at: (For appointment WhatsApp on 8520003683)
Global Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital,Lakdikapul, Hyderabad.
Apollo Hospitals, Secunderabad hospital, L.B. Nagar, Bairamulguda, Hyderabad.
Kalyan’s Neuro and Spine clinic, Kharkhana, Secunderabad.
Shenoy hospital, East Marredpally, Hyderabad.
Prasad Hospitals, Nacharam, Hyderabad.


Brain tumor clinics


For appointment see details below (+91-8520003683). Brain tumors are serious disorders and
should be treated as soon as possible. Many patients have a lot of doubts and queries
regarding brain tumors, symptoms of brain tumors, diagnosis of brain tumor, surgery for brain
tumor, treatment options for brain tumors. Patients also like to know regarding latest and
advanced treatment options for brain tumor surgery like intraoperative neuromonitoring, awake
craniotomy, ultrasonic aspirator, microsurgery, endoscopic surgery for brain tumors. Dr. Kalyan
Bommakantiis a famous neurosurgeon from hyderabad and will try to answer these queries at
leisure as a part of brain tumor clinics on you tube live

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Do you know what a decompressive craniectomy is?

A decompressive craniectomy is brain surgery that removes a portion of the skull. When the brain swells following an injury, the pressure in the brain can build inside the skull, causing further damage.

Whenever the body heals itself, it swells. Swelling in the brain, however, can be dangerous since the skull restricts the swelling and pushes on the brain.

Brain damage can be reduced by removing a portion of the skull, and may even be life-saving.

Procedure for decompressive craniectomy

During the operation, a surgeon removes the part of the skull causing the pressure on the brain. This is usually the part of the skull covering the injury.

Under general anesthesia, the patient is asleep, won’t feel the procedure, and won’t remember it.

It begins with a cut in the scalp. The surgeon peels back the skin and tissue underneath the scalp to reveal the skull. Because the skull is a hard bone, the surgeon will use a drill and bone saw to make the cut.

After surgery, the bone taken from the skull is usually stored in a freezer. If the individual recovers, the bone may be replaced.

When would you need one?

The most common reasons for a decompressive craniectomy are:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI): This is an injury to the brain caused by physical force. It can occur after any experience that results in a sharp blow to the head. With a TBI, brain swelling is usually immediate.
  • Stroke: Some strokes can cause brain swelling. The high blood pressure this swelling causes is a risk factor for more strokes.

Recovery

People who undergo a decompressive craniectomy are already in critical condition due to a brain injury or stroke. So to a large extent, the length of their recovery rate depends on the injuries that created the need for surgery in the first place.

Most people will spend time in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Some people make dramatic recovery and may go back to work and Some will remain unconscious for days or weeks following surgery. Some may even be in a coma or vegetative state.

Following a craniectomy, it is essential to protect the brain from further injury.

Risks and complications

Decompressive craniectomy is lifesaving, but it carries substantial risks. Those include:

  • extensive brain bleeding
  • damage to the brain’s blood vessels
  • stroke
  • brain infection
  • leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid

People who suffer a brain injury may experience complications such as blood pressure and breathing difficulties. Rarely, someone may experience a life-threatening reaction to anesthesia.

The most serious complications of surgery occur in the weeks immediately following surgery. Some people, however, develop new symptoms much further in the recovery journey.

Because the operation is risky, people should talk openly about the risks and benefits of surgery.

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Why do pituitary microadenomas occur?

The most common type of pituitary tumor is a microadenoma (tumor) that is less than one centimeter in size. These tumors form on the pituitary gland and are not as dangerous as larger tumors. DNA mutations can cause pituitary microadenomas to form when cells within the pituitary gland grow and divide uncontrollably. Experts aren’t completely certain what causes these genetic mutations. There is a small hereditary factor in a few cases of pituitary tumors, but for the most part, this is not the case.As such, patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type I (a hereditary condition commonly known as MEN I) are at increased risk for pituitary tumors and other cancers of the endocrine system.

Microadenomas of the pituitary gland cause the following symptoms

The vast majority of pituitary tumors are not cancerous and do not progress to cause symptoms. However, pituitary microadenomas are more likely to function, which means they can produce hormones.A pituitary microadenoma can result in a number of hormone imbalances, resulting in a diagnosis of the tumor. Here are some of these hormone imbalances and the symptoms they cause:

  • High growth hormone levels – Usually causes swelling and joint pain, and may cause abnormal bone growth on the hands, feet, and face. 
  • ACTH (steroid hormone) levels at high levels – Weight gain, swelling, hair growth, vision changes, and low sex drive are symptoms of Cushing’s disease.
  • Prolactin (luteotropic hormone) levels are high – Men may suffer erectile dysfunction and breast growth while women suffer osteoporosis, decreased sex drive, and infertility.

Microadenoma of the pituitary – treatment

Based on whether or not the tumor is functional, as well as the hormone it produces, the most appropriate treatment for pituitary microadenomas is determined.A pituitary microadenoma may be treated with any of the following options, depending on the individual’s circumstances:

  • Surgical procedures 
  • Treatment with radiation
  • Medication 

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